When States Fail: Causes And Consequences -

Perform well across all categories, ensuring security, law, and basic infrastructure.

Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are exploited by political elites to fuel violent conflict. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences

State failure is rarely triggered by a single event but rather a combination of systemic issues: Perform well across all categories, ensuring security, law,

Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods": Perform well across all categories

Fulfill some expectations but perform poorly in others; they often suffer from corruption and deteriorating infrastructure.

A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and the informal privatization of essential services like health and education.

Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," displacing populations and damaging infrastructure in already fragile regions. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences - Amazon.com