The traditional madrasa system, which prioritized religious sciences and traditional logic handbooks (like al-Abhari’s Isagoji ), began to coexist with new secular institutions. These new schools gradually introduced rationalist, positivist, and materialist philosophies.
The introduction of modern logic is often marked by the 1860 publication of Miftah-ul Funun , a translation of Pasquale Galluppi’s logic work. Early efforts focused on reconciling traditional Aristotelian logic with these new Western ideas. Tanzimattan Sonra TГјrkiye’de Д°lim Ve MantД±k
The research evaluates the success and depth of this shift, questioning how effectively Turkish society integrated the "spirit" of Western science rather than just its technical outputs. Significance of the Work The traditional madrasa system
Intellectuals like Ali Sedad attempted to bridge the gap through works like Mizan-ul-ukul , though they remained rooted in traditional understandings while introducing contemporary European concepts. Tanzimattan Sonra Türkiye’de İlim Ve Mantık