: Edward S. Casey describes edges and frames not as literal limits where activity stops, but as structures that "shelter and support" the image, opening up possibilities for it to emerge.

The frame is not just a decorative edge but a critical phenomenological device that structures the viewer's experience.

: Philosophers like Maurice Merleau-Ponty argue that painting gives expression to the way our physical bodies encounter the world. Art reveals the "act of appearing" before the mind translates it into abstract concepts.