: Campaigns (1096–1291 AD) to "liberate" the Holy Land. They increased trade but caused immense destruction. Formation of Centralized States
: Charles the Great expanded Frankish borders and became Emperor (800 AD). After his death, the empire split (Treaty of Verdun, 843 AD), forming the basis for France, Germany, and Italy. : Campaigns (1096–1291 AD) to "liberate" the Holy Land
: The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out. Figures like Joan of Arc helped France unify. In England, the Magna Carta (1215) limited royal power. the empire split (Treaty of Verdun