Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations
Volume II is divided into parts that address different navigation technologies and phases of flight:
: Protecting the transition from instrument flight to visual landing. Latest Updates Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2
: Defining the minimum vertical separation (MOC) required between an aircraft and any terrain or man-made obstacles.
: Modern criteria for GPS and area navigation, including RNP (Required Navigation Performance) and Baro-VNAV. Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft
: Establishing parameters for turn areas, including wind spirals and bank angles, to ensure aircraft stay within protected airspace.
: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS. : Establishing parameters for turn areas, including wind
The primary goal of Volume II is to standardize how States, operators, and charting organizations design flight procedures. This uniformity ensures that a pilot flying into any international aerodrome can rely on consistent safety margins, regardless of local terrain. Key areas of focus include: