Support for data transmission, originally limited to 9.6 kbps but later improved through upgrades like GPRS and EDGE .
Often called the core network, it performs call switching and manages subscriber mobility. Key components include: GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
The central node for call routing and management. Support for data transmission, originally limited to 9
Uses the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store unique identity information. Security is maintained through a challenge-response authentication mechanism and over-the-air encryption using algorithms like A5. Support for data transmission
Manages radio transmissions over the air interface (Um interface) using a combination of FDMA and TDMA .
