This stage transforms molten iron or scrap into crude steel by reducing carbon content and removing further impurities.

Once the crude steel is produced, it undergoes to achieve precise chemical specifications.

: High-purity oxygen is blown onto molten iron (often with some scrap). This oxidizes the excess carbon (dropping it from ~4% to below 1%) and other impurities.

: Limestone acts as a flux, combining with impurities like silica to form slag , which floats on the molten iron and is removed. 2. Primary Steelmaking

: In a Blast Furnace (BF) , these materials are heated. Coke acts as both a fuel and a reducing agent, removing oxygen from the iron ore to produce molten iron (or pig iron).

Fundamentals Of Steel Making -

This stage transforms molten iron or scrap into crude steel by reducing carbon content and removing further impurities.

Once the crude steel is produced, it undergoes to achieve precise chemical specifications. Fundamentals of Steel Making

: High-purity oxygen is blown onto molten iron (often with some scrap). This oxidizes the excess carbon (dropping it from ~4% to below 1%) and other impurities. This stage transforms molten iron or scrap into

: Limestone acts as a flux, combining with impurities like silica to form slag , which floats on the molten iron and is removed. 2. Primary Steelmaking Fundamentals of Steel Making

: In a Blast Furnace (BF) , these materials are heated. Coke acts as both a fuel and a reducing agent, removing oxygen from the iron ore to produce molten iron (or pig iron).