: Direct access is available for purchase from Brill, with rates such as $18.00 for one day or $99.00 for 30 days.
(1954–2005): Significantly expanded to include modern perspectives and contributions from Muslim scholars. It remains a definitive resource for historical and religious topics. Encyclopedia of Islam
For those not needing the dense academic detail of the Brill EI, several single-volume alternatives are available: : Direct access is available for purchase from
: Online versions support searching with or without Arabic diacritics. While early editions often used technical Arabic titles for entries, the Third Edition predominantly uses English titles. Alternative Guides for Students and General Readers Encyclopedia of Islam
: The Encyclopaedia of Islam Online allows users to search across all editions.
