For a deeper dive into the history and potential future of these threats, the graphic novel Germ Warfare: A Very Graphic History provides a visual walkthrough of these "microscopic weapons" [4].
In October 2001, just weeks after 9/11, letters filled with white powder containing Bacillus anthracis spores were mailed to news offices and U.S. senators [11, 21]. The attack killed five people and hospitalized 17 others, causing widespread panic and forcing a fundamental change in how the world viewed microscopic threats [14, 21]. It proved that biological agents could be used to incite terror and disrupt entire governments [13, 21]. From Offense to Defense biodefence
: Experts from the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense argue that natural pandemics, like COVID-19, are as much a biodefence concern as intentional attacks [9, 10]. For a deeper dive into the history and
Today, the biodefence story is increasingly about the convergence of technologies [19]. The attack killed five people and hospitalized 17
: While countries like the Soviet Union once ran massive covert programs to weaponize diseases like smallpox and plague, international treaties (like the Biological Weapons Convention) shifted the focus to purely defensive research [22, 35].
The story of biodefence is a shift from the horrors of biological warfare to a complex, modern race against pathogens—both natural and man-made . It is a narrative defined by moments of sudden crisis, like the 2001 anthrax attacks , which transformed biodefence into a permanent pillar of national security [11, 21]. The Turning Point: Amerithrax