Arq -

Higher bandwidth–delay products require larger window sizes (GBN/SR) to maintain high throughput. 5. Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

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ARQ increases latency due to retransmissions, making it less suitable for real-time applications like VoIP.

ARQ is an indispensable tool for achieving reliable digital communication. While Stop-and-Wait is efficient for simple, low-delay networks, Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat are essential for modern high-speed networks. The hybrid approach (HARQ) offers the best balance of efficiency and reliability in modern wireless scenarios.

Requires complex buffering and ordering at the receiver. 4. Performance Considerations

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ): Reliable Data Transmission 1. Introduction

The sender can transmit multiple frames (within a window size